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Multiple emulsions are also known as double emulsions or liquid membrane systems. The most common multiple emulsions are the water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) type. In this work basic concepts of double emulsions structure, formulation, stability, characterization and preparation methods, along with some applications, are summarized. Special attention is given to the encapsulation of bioactive and functional compounds, which are widely used in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Multiple emulsions containing bioactive and functional compounds
Interfacial phenomena have become increasingly relevant in chemical engineering, mainly because of their influence on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer (e.g. Marangoni effect), on mineral separation (e.g. flotation) or on solid-gas or solid-liquid interactions (e.g. fluid phase catalysis). As chemical engineering has spread interest in fields such as biotechnology, biomedicine and formulation of new products, interfacial phenomena, such as wetting, solubilization, foaming, lubrication, emulsification and adsorption, play an important role [1].
An emulsion is a macroscopically homogeneous mixture of two (or more) immiscible liquids that have the ability to transport or solubilize hydrophobic substances in a water phase. They find applications in processes involving surface treatment (painting, paper coating, lubrication, etc.).
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