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In this study, we employ the diagnostic tool developed by the Digital Transformation Commission of the Institution of Engineers of Catalonia to assess Industry 4.0 implementation in the Catalan chemical industry, serving as a representative sample of the broader Spanish industry.
Between 1763 and 1775, James Watt and his collaborator Matthew Boulton developed their enhanced steam engine design, marking the onset of what we now refer to as the Industrial Revolution. The progression of this revolution has occurred in waves [1, 2]. Each wave adds new concepts and technologies to the previous one (Figure 1).
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